Extraordinary progress in understanding several key features of stem cells has been made in the last ten years, including definition\nof the niche, and identification of signals regulating mobilization and homing as well as partial understanding of the mechanisms\ncontrolling self-renewal, commitment, and differentiation. This progress produced invaluable tools for the development of rational\ncell therapy protocols that have yielded positive results in preclinical models of genetic and acquired diseases and, in several cases,\nhave entered clinical experimentation with positive outcome. Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are nonhematopoietic cells\nwith multilineage potential to differentiate into various tissues of mesodermal origin. They can be isolated from bone marrow\nand other tissues and have the capacity to extensively proliferate in vitro. Moreover, MSCs have also been shown to produce antiinflammatory\nmolecules which can modulate humoral and cellular immune responses. Considering their regenerative potential\nand immunoregulatory effect, MSC therapy is a promising tool in the treatment of degenerative, inflammatory, and autoimmune\ndiseases. It is obvious that much work remains to be done to increase our knowledge of the mechanisms regulating development,\nhomeostasis, and tissue repair and thus to provide new tools to implement the efficacy of cell therapy trials.
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